Articles and Clinical Studies

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Alvarez XA, Laredo M, Corzo D, Fernández-Novoa L, Mouzo R, Perea JE, Daniele D, Cacabelos R. Citicoline improves memory performance in elderly subjects. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Apr;19(3):201-10.

Arwert LI, Deijen JB, Drent ML. Effects of an oral mixture containing glycine, glutamine and niacin on memory, GH and IGF-I secretion in middle-aged and elderly subjects. Nutr Neurosci. 2003 Oct;6(5):269-75.

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Bennouna M, Greene VB, Defranoux L. [Cholinergic hypothesis in psychosis following traumatic brain injury and cholinergic hypothesis in schizophrenia: a link?] Encephale. 2007 Sep;33(4 Pt 1):616-20.

Bhatti JZ, Hindmarch I Vinpocetine effects on cognitive impairments produced by flunitrazepam. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987 Oct;2(4):325-31.

Bidzan L, Biliekiewicz A, Turczyński J. [Preliminary assessment of ginkgo biloba (Ginkofar) in patients with dementia] Psychiatr Pol. 2005 May-Jun;39(3):559-66.

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Bradwejn J, Zhou Y, Koszycki D, Shlik J. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Dec;20(6):680-4.

Bragin V, Chemodanova M, Dzhafarova N, Bragin I, Czerniawski JL, Aliev G. Integrated treatment approach improves cognitive function in demented and clinically depressed patients. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2005 Jan-Feb;20(1):21-6.

Brown ES, Gorman AR, Hynan LS. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline add-on therapy in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Oct;27(5):498-502.

Bryan J, Calvaresi E, Hughes D. Short-term folate, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-6 supplementation slightly affects memory performance but not mood in women of various ages. J Nutr. 2002 Jun;132(6):1345-56.

Bryan J, Calvaresi E. Associations between dietary intake of folate and vitamins B-12 and B-6 and self-reported cognitive function and psychological well-being in Australian men and women in midlife. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8(4):226-32.

Buchman AL, Sohel M, Brown M, Jenden DJ, Ahn C, Roch M, Brawley TL. Verbal and visual memory improve after choline supplementation in long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2001 Jan-Feb;25(1):30-5.

Caamaño J, Gómez MJ, Franco A, Cacabelos R. Effects of CDP-choline on cognition and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;16(3):211-8.

Campbell AK, Jagust WJ, Mungas DM, Miller JW, Green R, Haan MN, Allen LH. Low erythrocyte folate, but not plasma vitamin B-12 or homocysteine,is associated with dementia in elderly Latinos. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005;9(1):39-43.

Clostre F. [Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). State of knowledge in the dawn of the year 2000] Ann Pharm Fr. 1999 Jul;57 Suppl 1:1S8-88.

Conant R, Schauss AG. Therapeutic applications of citicoline for stroke and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev. 2004 Mar;9(1):17-31.

Corder EH, Beaumont H. Susceptibility groups for Alzheimer's disease (OPTIMA cohort): integration of gene variants and biochemical factors. Mech Ageing Dev. 2007 Jan;128(1):76-82. Epub 2006 Nov 20.

Courvoisie H, Hooper SR, Fine C, Kwock L, Castillo M. Neurometabolic functioning and neuropsychological correlates in children with ADHD-H: preliminary findings. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004 Winter;16(1):63-9.

Crook TH, Tinklenberg J, Yesavage J, Petrie W, Nunzi MG, Massari DC. Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology. 1991 May;41(5):644-9.

Darbinyan V, Kteyan A, Panossian A, Gabrielian E, Wikman G, Wagner H. Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue--a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy
physicians during night duty. Phytomedicine. 2000 Oct;7(5):365-71.

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de Lau LM, Refsum H, Smith AD, Johnston C, Breteler MM. de Lau LM, Refsum H, Smith AD, Johnston C, Breteler MM. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Sep;86(3):728-34.

Deijen JB, van der Beek EJ, Orlebeke JF, van den Berg H. Vitamin B-6 supplementation in elderly men: effects on mood, memory, performance and mental effort. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1992;109(4):489-96.

Deijen JB, Wientjes CJ, Vullinghs HF, Cloin PA, Langefeld JJ. Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course. Brain Res Bull. 1999 Jan 15;48(2):203-9.

Di Perri R, Coppola G, Ambrosio LA, Grasso A, Puca FM, Rizzo M. A multicentre trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine versus cytosine diphosphocholine in patients with vascular dementia. J Int Med Res. 1991 Jul-Aug;19(4):330-41.

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Diamond BJ, Shiflett SC, Feiwel N, Matheis RJ, Noskin O, Richards JA, Schoenberger NE. Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications. Arch Phys Med
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Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Jolles J, Katan MB, Verhoef P. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Jan 20;369(9557):208-16. Comment in: ACP J Club. 2007 May-Jun;146(3):71. Evid Based Med. 2007 Jun;12(3):83. Lancet. 2007 Jan 20;369(9557):166-7. Lancet. 2007 Jul 21;370(9583):216. Lancet. 2007 May 12;369(9573):1601; author reply 1601-2. Lancet. 2007 May 12;369(9573):1602.

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Eastley R, Wilcock GK, Bucks RS. Vitamin B12 deficiency in dementia and cognitive impairment: the effects of treatment on neuropsychological function. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;15(3):226-33.

Ebly EM, Schaefer JP, Campbell NR, Hogan DB Folate status, vascular disease and cognition in elderly Canadians. Age Ageing. 1998 Jul;27(4):485-91.

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EGb 761: ginkgo biloba extract, Ginkor. Drugs R D. 2003;4(3):188-93.

Elias MF, Robbins MA, Budge MM, Elias PK, Brennan SL, Johnston C, Nagy Z, Bates CJ. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamins B6 and B12 blood levels in relation to cognitive performance: the Maine-Syracuse study. Psychosom Med. 2006 Jul-Aug;68(4):547-54.

Elithorn A, Lunzer M, Weinman J. Cognitive deficits associated with chronic hepatic encephalopathy and their response to levodopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1975 Aug;38(8):794-8.

Elsabagh S, Hartley DE, Ali O, Williamson EM, File SE. Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 May;179(2):437-46. Epub 2005 Mar 1.

Elsabagh S, Hartley DE, File SE. Limited cognitive benefits in Stage +2 postmenopausal women after 6 weeks of treatment with Ginkgo biloba. J Psychopharmacol. 2005 Mar;19(2):173-81.

Eussen SJ, Ueland PM, Clarke R, Blom HJ, Hoefnagels WH, van Staveren WA, de Groot LC. The association of betaine, homocysteine and related metabolites with cognitive function in Dutch elderly people. Br J Nutr. 2007 Nov;98(5):960-8. Epub 2007 May 31.

Feng L, Ng TP, Chuah L, Niti M, Kua EH. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 and cognitive performance in older Chinese adults: findings from the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;84(6):1506-12.

File SE, Hartley DE, Elsabagh S, Duffy R, Wiseman H. Cognitive improvement after 6 weeks of soy supplements in postmenopausal women is limited to frontal lobe function. Menopause. 2005 Mar;12(2):193-201.

Fintelmann V, Gruenwald JEfficacy and tolerability of a Rhodiola rosea extract in adults with physical and cognitive deficiencies. Adv Ther. 2007 Jul-Aug;24(4):929-39.

Fioravanti M, Buckley AE. Citicoline (Cognizin) in the treatment of cognitive impairment. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(3):247-51.

Fioravanti M, Yanagi M. Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.
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Floel A, Garraux G, Xu B, Breitenstein C, Knecht S, Herscovitch P, Cohen LG. Levodopa increases memory encoding and dopamine release in the striatum in the Elderly Neurobiol Aging. 2008 Feb;29(2):267-79. Epub 2006 Nov 13.

Geller SE, Studee L. Soy and red clover for mid-life and aging. Climacteric. 2006 Aug;9(4):245-63.

Gertz HJ, Kiefer M. Review about Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 (Ginkgo). Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(3):261-4.

Gibbs RB. Oestrogen and the cholinergic hypothesis: implications for oestrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Novartis Found Symp. 2000;230:94-107; discussion 107-11.

Giménez M, Junqué C, Narberhaus A, Caldú X, Segarra D, Vendrell P, Bargalló N, Mercader JM. Medial temporal MR spectroscopy is related to memory performance in normal adolescent subjects. Neuroreport. 2004 Mar 22;15(4):703-7.

Giocomo LM, Hasselmo ME. Neuromodulation by glutamate and acetylcholine can change circuit dynamics by regulating the relative influence of afferent input and excitatory feedback. Mol Neurobiol. 2007 Oct;36(2):184-200. Epub 2007 Jul 20.

Gómez-Ansón B, Alegret M, Muñoz E, Sainz A, Monte GC, Tolosa E. Decreased frontal choline and neuropsychological performance in preclinical Huntington disease. Neurology. 2007 Mar 20;68(12):906-10.

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Grevet EH, Tietzmann MR, Shansis FM, Hastenpflugl C, Santana LC, Forster L, Kapczinskil F, Izquierdo I. Behavioural effects of acute phenylalanine and tyrosine depletion in healthy male volunteers. J Psychopharmacol. 2002 Mar;16(1):51-5.

Hartley DE, Heinze L, Elsabagh S, File SE. Effects on cognition and mood in postmenopausal women of 1-week treatment with Ginkgo biloba. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 Jun;75(3):711-20.

Hassing L, Wahlin A, Winblad B, Bäckman L. Further evidence on the effects of vitamin B12 and folate levels on episodic memory functioning: a population-based study of healthy very old adults. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Jun 1;45(11):1472-80.

Hernández R, Fernández Mde L, Miranda G, Suástegui R. [Decrease of folic acid and cognitive alterations in patients with epilepsy treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine, pilot study] Rev Invest Clin. 2005 Jul-Aug;57(4):522-31.

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Jelicic M, Jonker C, Deeg DJ. Effect of low levels of serum vitamin B12 and folic acid on cognitive performance in old age: a population-based study. Dev Neuropsychol. 2001;20(3):565-71.

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Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Hörr R. Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 Mar;29(2):47-56.

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Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Mauri PL, Scholey AB. Acute cognitive effects of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract complexed with phosphatidylserine. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2007 Jun;22(4):199-210.

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Modulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adults. Physiol Behav. 2002 Apr 15;75(5):739-51.

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. The dose-dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000 Sep;151(4):416-23.

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Nutr Neurosci. 2001;4(5):399-412.

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